An arteriogram is a series of X-ray images of the blood vessels to the brain or spinal cord. A radiopaque substance, a material that does not allow the passage of X rays through it, is injected into a vein or artery, and X-ray pictures are then taken in rapid succession. The series of pictures reveals the size and shape of veins or arteries in the area of interest. An angiogram is used to diagnose aneurism, stroke and arteriovenous malformations are examples. 

Carotid ultrasound is a painless, noninvasive imaging technique using high frequency sound waves to measure both the diameter and flow through the carotid arteries for diagnostic and theraputic purposes.

Electromyography is a diagnostic test performed in the neurologist's office.  An EMG is an evaluation of the muscle's electrical activity .  It is performed to look for evidence of damage to a muscle's nerve supply or signs of muscle disease.  It  is most often used to help diagnose neck, back, or extremity pain, numbness, or weakness.

Based on the history, neurologic exam, x-rays, and available laboratory studies, the EMG is planned and performed by the neurologist at the time of the office visit   Specialized computer based equipment is used to record and analyze the electrical activity recorded from the tip of a small needle inserted into the muscle of interest.  While there is a slight discomfort associated with the EMG exam, no special medication or preparation is necessary.  After the EMG, a patient may resume his usual activities.

A lumbar puncture is the insertion of a thin needle into the spinal canal to extract cerebrospinal fluid, usually for purposes of diagnosis. Using a local anesthecic, the proceedure can be done in the office or the hospital. 

A nerve conduction velocity study is a diagnostic test performed in a neurologist's office to evaluate the function of individual nerves.  NCV's are performed to help diagnose extremity numbness, weakness, or pain.  Based on the history, neurologic exam, xrays, and available laboratory studies, the NCV is planned and performed by the neurologist at the time of the office visit.   An NCV is performed using specialized, computer based equipment to stimulate and record the responses of  individual nerves.  When the nerve is stimulated, there is momentary discomfort.  The results are recorded and compared to a set of normal values. After the NCV has been completed, the patient may resume his usual activities.

A Tensilon test is a diagnostic test performed by a physician in the office or hospital to help differentiate causes of  weakness, double vision, and drooping eye lids.  The test is most often performed when myasthenia gravis is suspected.  It is performed by injecting Tensilon, a short acting medication, into a vein and evaluating a patient's strength before and after the injection.  The medication effect lasts about ten minutes or less.  A Tensilon test is considered positive when there is a definite improvement in the patient's strength.